Category Archives: Articles

Articles, General

Future is based on Artificial Intelligence

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Future is based on Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is based on human cognitive abilities processes by machines such as computers. Technology is beneficial for human kind and it has always proved to be. Human intelligence is creating artificial intelligence and making longer days’ work in minutes. There will always be a question if Artificial intelligence can take over the human intelligence? Many examples of AI is in front of us as SIRI. Siri is just a click away and she does work for us. SIRI is not actually a human being but just a product of artificial intelligence. Self-driving cars are the product of AI in which there is no need of driver or anything, just a car which can drive itself and take you to your destination.
Time are changing and countries with stronger technology hold will be powerful in future. AI is distributed in two categories weak AI and strong AI. Weak AI is deigned to do a particular task such as Apple’s Siri. This is known to be narrow AI but strong AI is something that researchers are working to achieve. In strong AI, there would be no human intervention and AI has the human cognitive abilities by itself. People are in constant fear of Artificial intelligence that it will replace the human one day as it will be able to do human work so automatically the employment rate can go down and all the work is based on robotics. There is security and ethical concerns. Super intelligence has its own risk as it has algorithms to achieve the cognitive abilities and once it has it, it can go far beyond human intellect because it has the ability to be more intelligent than
human but keeping in consideration of AI benefits, it can eradicate poverty, diseases, war from the world.
AI is likely to be either the best or worst thing to happen to humanity. -Stephen Hawking

Articles, General

Genetic Engineering and Its Wonders

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Genetic Engineering and Its Wonders

Genetic Engineering is widely used in curing diseases of various types and severe as cancer. It is also called Recombinant DNA technology. It is manipulation of genome of an organism by altering the DNA. It includes deleting the base pairs or whole region of DNA and introducing a novel gene into organism to treat the disease and benefit the human life. Genetic engineering is applied on plants to increase the nutritional factor or to silence the gene for beneficiary of human kind. There are uncountable examples of genetically modified food made just for human beings. Before the arrive all of genetic engineering, bananas had seeds in them which were apparent on the skin. Now, they are more nutritious and morphologically better. They are resistant to the disease called “fusarium wilt” which was not possible before genetic engineering. Strawberries, papaya, apple and many more are the example of genetically edited food. In humans, genetic engineering has done its wonders like insulin is majorly required for diabetic patients.

Production of insulin is by pancreases but with the help of genetic engineering, we can make insulin by bacteria, yeast. The genetically modified insulin was licensed in 1982 for human use. The process of genetic engineering is by taking the circular DNA from bacteria and inserting the desired gene into it and making it genetically modified
or edited. It is used to study chronic and adverse diseases find in human by experimenting on rats. Diseases such as Alzheimer disease has also been studied. Now, the more advanced form of genetic engineering has taken the world into its hands known as CRISPR-Cas9. It allows the researchers to make changes in living organism’s genetic sequence by making specific changes in its sequence. Many diseases are being cured by genetic engineering. With genetic engineering, researchers can control the world.

Articles, General

Patriarchy and the system of society

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Patriarchy and the System of Society

Patriarchy is the root basis of extreme discrimination between two genders; male and female. It is so deep rooted in the mindset of ancestries that demands obvious amount of literature and education to alter the thought process. Patriarchy gives a meaning of male dominancy and male identified society. All the legal, economical, domestic and religious decisions are based entirely on the men of the society. Women are not considered to beholder of same power as men. It is embedded in the culture to follow the norms of the society which have always been patriarchal. Women rights are neglected in male dominant rule. Even if there is women rule of kingdom, patriarchy wouldn’t just end or finish, it would still be recognized as women doing job of a man.

Women are constantly discriminate on gender difference. These stereotypical male centered phenomenon cannot be eradicated overnight but with awareness on the subject can bring a positive change. Patriarchal society has been flourished since forever and people has recently started talking about and comprehending the sensitivity of the issue.

Feminism is the voice against inequality. There are a lot of issues to be highlighted or to be changed for women rights. Women are not considered equal to men is the most problematic situation. Under the influence of male dominancy, male are usually exploit the opportunity to raise violence against common, innocent women of society. The construction of masculinity and femininity has been misjudged from long time now. “No wonder male religious leaders so often say that humans were born in sin—because we were born to female creatures. Only by obeying the rules of the patriarchy can we be reborn through men. No wonder priests and ministers in skirts sprinkle imitation birth fluid over our heads, give us new names, and promise rebirth into everlasting life.” Gloria Steinem,

Articles, Letter

Sample Letter on How to do Character Building

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Sample letter on How to do character building. Teaching is the profession that is called the mother of all other professions. By teaching different subjects to the students, it make them confident and choosy as well on which field they must choose to pursue their future career. Character building is the base of everything, but very few knew the value of it. In this article why, how questions will be dealt regarding character building. Please read thoroughly and try to bring some change in yourself first!

Sample Letter on How to do Character Building

From,
Mr. Dean,
Sky lark Foundation University,
California, United States of America.

Subject: An article on How to do character building

Respected Staff!

How are you? I hope you all will be going well in your lives and confident enough to get along the miseries of this world. As we all know Teaching is a noble profession, but I had seen that there are still few students and teachers as well who pay very little attention regarding the importance of character so here I intend to prepare a workshop in your respective wings based on the points that I am putting forward in this article. Here I go!

1- What is character? Self-discretion.

2-What is building? Self-discretion

3- Definition of character. Self-discretion.

4-Definition of building. Self –discretion.

5-Why is character important? Benefits behind?

6-Why is building important? Reason behind?

7-What happen when we join character and building? Fruits behind?

8-How we can build our character? Parameters behind?

9-What are various types of characters? Self-discretion.10- What are various types of building structures? Self-search.

11-What we do with differently structured building? behavior behind?

12- What is our general perspective towards them? Attitudes behind?

13- Why we need a character? Reasons behind?

14- How could we improve ourselves? Strategies behind.

15- What role media play? Good and bad point.

16- What is the role of culture and society play in developing the

character? Social norms, family limits, peer group influence.

17- How could we filter good character from the bad character?

Techniques to filter the twos.

18- After developing the workshop on this material, put forward at least different workshops and the prepared resource person to my office by Monday sharp 9:00 AM.

The criteria for the resource persons:

1-Must be a member of permanent faculty.

2-Must have 8 year teaching experience.

3-Must be confident

4-Must be equipped with all communicative techniques.

Workshops must be timed and should not cross the time from more than 4 hours! Students to whom the teachers deem perfect for this workshop must accompanied them to my office. Thank you.

Best Regards,

Mr. Jacob Danny,
12th July, 2019.

Articles

Sample Request to Write an Article on How to Manage Stress in Critical Situations

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Sample request to write an article on How to manage stress in critical situations. Stress is the leading cause of many a major diseases including cancer! There are many factors behind ‘being stressed’ nowadays. It is nowadays, because this is IT world and people are caged in their homes in front of camera, tablets, and number of social Medias. Today’s man had less or no time to exchange healthy energy with each other that results in stress! This article would be a, I hope, turning point in the lives of the ones who wish to put off the old shackles of their lives and ready to embrace the cloak of positivity and love! The human love based on humanity.

Sample Request to Write an Article on How to Manage Stress in Critical Situations

To,
The Dean,
Smirk Sky Highland University,
California, United States of America.

Subject: An article on How to manage stress in critical situations

Respected Sir,

I hope you all will be good and cool as cucumber in your lives! Be the same ever, but despite my goodwill and touching wood feelings, I had seen a number of adults living a lip off life! Why? I mean, they are good looking, financial sound as shown from their food, dress and the transport they use! What in the God’s name then that they are not smiling!!! This question pinches me a lot so I decided to get out of my comfort zone and step forward to learn the reasons behind. To my horror, the reason behind all this negativity and dullness was Stress!
I had interviewed 100 people. All were related to different jobs and shares different social and financial statuses. After this survey, I came to know that:
1- There are number of factors that causes stress. The very first reason amongst others was the inability of human capacity to deal with critical situations! By critical situations I mean the ‘emotional states. For example, mother died. Now it is a natural phenomenon, but again it is emotional state so is critical! The left over human beings; husband, brothers, offspring, friends . . . they were not prepared so they got worst setbacks! Nobody came forward to help the other as all were struggling and suffering from the same situation! They lost courage! The losing of courage drains the energy and turns the day into night!
2- Secondly the sudden shock of losing a job! It is in human nature that he thinks that whatever he is presently having or getting will remain with him forever! But life is unpredictable, Super Machinery is always at work that one must not forget. Unseen hand when gets in move is then seen by all! Future concerns are neglected in this situation so the very feeling of emptiness of hands results in stress. Again, I quote it is the inability of human beings not to see the future! If they had saved something for rainy days then the situation will be different! They won’t be stressed now!

Yours Truly,
Mr. Cure Joy,
12th July, 2019.

Articles, General

Smart ways to cut down your wedding costs

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How to Cut Short Wedding Expenses?

Human society is divided into many groups and strata according to their financial status and living facilities. There are three main strata: Elite society, being the richest having beau crates, government officials and traders, mediocre society includes government servants, educationists and company employees, third is lower society which is comprised of labourers and all low paid employees.
Wedding is no such big deal for the aristocratic society and to some extent for the lower strata as the latter had mentally accepted one another’s poverty so their demands for the wedding expenses are lesser in number. The problem of wedding and its expenses lie in the middle class society as they want to be no less than the aristocratic society! They also don’t want to be the part of the lower strata so keeping their egos with them they started collecting money or things named as dowry right from the day when the baby girl come to the age!
To facilitate them in cutting off the expenses on wedding of a daughter especially here are some tips and measures which could save their time and financial budget.

Crop down the guest list:

Besides dowry gathering, the expenses of hall is too much for the parents so, instead of inviting the whole family on the wedding, invite the couples only with no other family member. By doing this, no one would be felt unfelt and uninvited rather they would understand the position of the host parents.

Prefer low cost wedding invitation cards:

Expensive and decorative invitation cards are total waste of money as people will just see the inner leafs of the card and for a few seconds would admire the beauty and aesthetic sense of the card then it would be left on the side table or any other corner! The important thing is the place and date of the wedding and nothing else! Invitation to the closest one could be send through any social media app!

Ask your guest to contribute to the wedding:

The respectable guests would definitely arrive at the wedding hall with some gift as it look odd to come there with empty hands. The host parent should give money in place of gift no matter a thousand or so as tiny drops makes the mighty oceans!

Wedding dresses:

To look beautiful is everyone’s dream and to make this dream come true, the host family spend too much money on wedding dresses and go deeper into theme dresses, matching shoes, make up, jewelry and so on! Bridal dresses are no less than 5 to 10 thousand and what is the use of such expensive dresses as they are worn just once as ladies don’t prefer to repeat the dress as is insulting for them! By wearing or utilizing the old clothes, the expenses could be cut down to a greater extent. The bride could bargain a dress from her friend or any other family member (aunts).

Avoid expensive traditions and rituals:

Wedding nowadays are more dramatic rather than constituting of a newer home, a newer community and a newer kin! Everyone is after the silly showcase of traditions and wasting too much money in this regard. By cutting down the unnecessary rituals, a lot of money could be saved.

Avoid expensive wedding halls:

Just to satisfy your ego or to be admired by others, don’t go for expensive wedding halls with a list of facilities, chillers, air conditioners, heaters, warm lights, expensive crockery, decoration with imported real flowers, disco lights etc. In place of halls go for caterers and cut the budget according to your choice or take help of your acquaintances in cooking and serving the guests rather than to put everything at the disposal of the catering companies. It would be good to go and see the meat quality, cooking quality and the cleanliness of the utensils used in the wedding ceremony.

Dowry budget:

Dowry includes all electronic items ranging from imported iron to double door fridge and automatic washing machines, many includes air conditioner too as the groom was living in caves earlier! The room furniture includes sofas, central tables, bed, dressing table, tea trolley and what not! The 72 pieces dinner sets: crystal, marble, plastic and a non-stick cooking set. Water set, separate glass and tea set, serving set, soup set and cake set, many includes ice cream set as well as if groom’s family was eating on bananas leaves! Gold jewelry is a great budget sucker! Daughters and their in laws demand how much tola sets!! And this attitude cost 7-8 lac to the parent and what if the parent had five daughters???
In order to cut this budget only go for the things that are not available in the groom’s house and gently tell them your problem as relations are not made on the basis of things, but on humane grounds and bride’s character, education, qualities and management skills must be taken into consideration rather than her pretty looks and number of item in her dowry as it’s the character that stays and rules and all other things perish away!
By carefully looking into the wedding expenses and cutting down the unnecessary things, weddings could be made easier and parents of the daughter should send the fee bills and sets of books in dowry too just to acknowledge the education side of the bride and expenses (unseen) made on her!

Articles, General

How to Shop Smart

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How to Shop Smart

Everyone like shopping mostly, women. Some women are shopaholic and some does smart shopping. Wondering which one are you? Don’t worry, we got you covered. If you are the one who goes to mall and ends up buying loads of stuff even without needing it, just casually- wanting it! Then you are big shopaholic. If you make a list of things you need from mall and market and only buy what you need not what you want, then congratulations you are one of rare smart shopper! People don’t really understand how important it is to shop smartly unless they are in debt.

Shopping a lot without needing the thing is contagious. It literally grows on you and you need to shush it away as soon as possible. You don’t save money and not your time while shopping out of leisure, you  have spent a lot of money on materialistic things which sit in your cupboard for long time. Firstly, you do shopping again and again without figuring why are you doing this and then your anxiety kicks in and you are totally zoned out. Questions like this appear in your mind “why did I buy this?” “do I need this” Problem of being a shopaholic is that you will not even know and it will become your habit, you would become such a compulsive shopaholic that you would go for your parents debit card and then you’ll be in debt and to get money you would choose every wrong path.

This is why it is important to shop smartly and don’t get into a trap of buying things without ant need, buying things you need only will make you more responsible, organized and in control of yourself. You will be the one who take decisions whether you need something or not. We have some very interesting ways by which you can prevent yourself from shopping insanely.

  • Prioritize Shopping List:

First thing first, make a shopping list of things you need from the market. Be more specific and precise about the stuff you need so you would not waste time in the market wondering if you need this or that. It is very easy to get distracted by other stuff.

  • Cash should be as need is:

While going out for shopping, you need to bring cash with you only which you want not a lot of cash would help. If you would have small amount of cash in your wallet, you would have that sense of conscious while buying irrelevant stuff that you don’t need this stuff and your priority needed stuff would get lose and realization will kick in, in which you will be responsible about your shopping.

  • Don’t let SALE fool you:

This is the most problematic thing of shopping world. Store owners play with customer’s mind like this and they actually get benefit from sale more than they ever get. Sale is just numbers game, in which they seduce the customer with their favorite items and show them on sale, while the prices are usually same because no one really knows how much dressed cost first but now they see it in a lower price (mind you; it’s in a same price) so they want to get it as fast as they can.

  • Choose your shopping partner wisely:

Maybe you think what it is to do with smart shopping? It doesn’t matter who I go out with shopping? But I hate to break that to you, your shopping partner influences you in one way or another. Moreover, if your shopping partner is also smart shopper, you would also adapt this habit and try to buy things you really need but if your shopping partner is shopaholic and you both see stiletto heels in the store and buy it for $500 then you would be the one regretting about it later. Trust me, you will regret.

  • Comparison Stores on Prices level:

Don’t fall prey of stores tactics, some stores are flashy and they have stuff of same quality in high prices and some stores have it in less prices so if you go out to buy television, you need to be very smart about it. Roam around the mall and buy the television which suits your pocket and of high quality as well.

  • Buy stuff when its off season:

It always help, it does. It is easy on your pocket and yet you get the best stuff in reasonable prices. The algorithm of it is very easy, if you buy something which is not needed by any one, you would get it in a very low price. This will help you do smart shopping more wisely.

  • Avoid expensive Stores:

If you know that there are stores which sell stuff on very high price, avoid them at any cost. You don’t even need to go there and check their stuff because usually big stores have a lot of tricks to make people buy something so trust me, you don’t want to go there!

  • Save the receipts

Save the receipts of the clothing you have bought even after making a purchase. There is no need to lose them or cut them off unless you are ready to use the material.

Shopping spree is something that all wants to do but shopping smartly is something that not all are familiar with. Moreover, saving your money and getting the best thing from the market is not a big deal anyway.

Articles, General

Best Way to Train your Toddlers?

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Best Way to Train your Toddlers?

Toddler are babies of 12 to 36 months old. They are called toddlers because they walk unsteadily in this age group. Toddlers are developing emotional, cognitive and social behavior in this age. They don’t have any sense so it is easy for parents to train them and tell them what is wrong and right. Parents should be very attentive in this age group, they need to give extra care to the child. Toddler require all the attention because they are in learning process and to develop their sense on worldly things is very important. Moreover, some parents neglect their child and does not give basic training to them, thinking there is a lot of time for toddlers to learn.

Training toddler is hard but it is worth it, when you are in the market or at someone’s house and your child acts well behaved, you would not trade anything for that. Toddlers take time but they eventually learn.

How to train toddlers in a best ways:

  •  Discipline them:

Kids will always listen to their parents in one way or another. Some kids understand soon and some are very stubborn to understand at all. All parents need to do with stubborn kids are to make them discipline. Discipline is something that comes with hard work. You need to communicate with your child and tell them that they need to clean their play place when they are done playing because it looks dirty and is a bad habit. If they don’t understand and shrug it off, you need to be little strict and reinforce it on them.

  • Tell them “NO”:

Sometimes parents get very emotional and let their kid do whatever they want, even though they are making mess. It is very problematic and parents need to tell them

“No” if they are creating chaos. It will develop bit of fear in toddler’s heart and he will gradually accept the fact that whatever I do is wrong. There is no need to let your child spoiled because you love them. Everyone love their kids but kids get out of hands when they are not stopped from doing bad things.

  • Treat them with love:

Sometimes parent get too hard on their child and scold them all the time to make them learn difference between right and wrong or to discipline them. But, it is important to know that they are kids at the end of the day and they require your love then anyone. Don’t be harsh on them thinking this is only way to make them civil human. Some kids learn with love more than scolding.

  • Develop patience in yourself:

Being patient in this whole process as a parent is no more a battle. Sometimes parents also gets exhausted by repetitive stuff because kids could be stubborn sometimes while learning new stuff. Do remember that this process requires a lot of patience and dealing with patience is a key.

  • Toilet training:

While you train your kid for everything new, toilet training tops the deal. It is very important for a toddler to learn this. Deal with patience and tell them to notify you or call you out when there is a need for them to poop. Toddler age is the best age for them to understand them

  • Try to be consistent:

When your kid rants for pack of chips or cookies in market, tell them it’s a No, even if they create a scene in the Walmart store. You have to be consistent in making your child learn discipline and it is important to tell them that their every wrong wish won’t be fulfilled. However, if you buy your kid a pack of chips to get rid of embarrassment, beware that next time even if you say no hundred times he will want that pack of chips in any way so try to be consistent and strict about some rules.

  • It is a job of two:

Inclusion of both parent is very substantial.  Gregory Oliver, a child psychologist at the Henry Ford Health System, in Detroit says “you and your spouse also need to be on the same page when it comes to family rules”. Don’t put all the pressure on one of the partner while you spoil your child with everything and your partner is doing everything to make them disciplined. It includes both of parties not only just father or mother.

Parents need to label their house with chits in which they have mentioned letters or alphabets or new words, whatever they want their child to learn. Learning in this way is very unique and fast process. Kids identify the chits and call out the alphabets written on them. Use refrigerator or any board in which you use glue stick. Use colorful markers to write on chits and label them around house. Play games with your kid to make them better understand the vocabulary, play scavenger hunt and many more games in which their learning process is increased. Pin up pictures on walls and let your kid identify those pictures. It is a very cool act to make your kid understand between things so he will be able to differentiate between them. Use rhymes by singing them not making them watch it on television or mobile sets, but sing it to them so they adopt it from you, before they adopt it from anywhere else.

Articles, General

How to Write an Effective Article?

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How to Write an Effective Article?

Writing an article in today’s time seems cup of coffee to the people who don’t know the essence of article. There are so many articles regulating on the internet without any context and strengthening delivery. Everyone can write an article but there are some rules to obey and follow while writing a good, full of information article. It is actually very difficult to find a good article on internet as there are so many present there.  Article inculcates a lot of information on the topic and most importantly, information should be right and full of facts based. 

This is very essential to be good at writing articles. Articles is something that enhances your vocabulary and knowledge anyway. When you have to present an essay on school or writing college admission application, your skills benefits you. Writing an article is an art and while writing you are an artist and your only job that time is to make it interesting by right information. Moreover, there are bad articles too, which are not structured properly and they do not have any point, probably they don’t make sense and ends up getting very few reviewers who criticize.  In order to write a good article, you need to forget everything that is going in your mind and think about the topic you are going to write on. First rule first, you need to be very clear in your head about the topic and put aside other thoughts. Good article works steps by steps. You have to structure your article and develop it so reader feels more intrigued by what you are saying in the article or what important message you have to give to the people. The body of article needs to be full of content and information about the topic. Ending of article should be on a light note.

These are the steps to follow for writing effective article:

Brainstorm about the topic:

You need to be very clear about the topic you use for writing a good article. Good article basis are always the well-gain information about topic. You need to know about the topic, you should be familiar about it. However, you can get information about the topic from internet, books, and professors. Internet is not always a good choice because it contains a lot of fake data and you end up putting facts on your article, which are not even true.

  • Source should be authentic:

Article source should be authentic. It is very important to know what is the source of your article is. Information gained from internet is not what you can completely rely on. Take help from books, your professors and be sure about the article. Trust worthy source is very important so first rule first, you need to be familiar about the topic by the trustworthy source.

  • Start with introduction:

Introducing your topic in the start is very substantial. You need to give general information about your topic in the introduction. “What it is” and what discussions you are going to have further in the article or what topics you are going to cover further. Introduction should be precise and interesting at the same time.

  • Use good Vocabulary:

While writing an article, you need to add good vocabulary in it. Your article would be plain and simple, if it doesn’t contain eye catchy and new words in the article. Don’t make it more complex by adding a lot of hard and difficult words so that reader give up reading, try to stay in-between. Not to plain and not too hard. Goal is to make common reader understand what your topic is all about in good vocabulary.

  • Keep the paragraphs short and sweet:

When you move to the body part, where all the information you have collected needs to be put. You need to break that cumulative information into chunks or paragraphs so reader does not get bored of reading big paragraphs. This is the key to make an article as effective as you want by keeping the paragraphs short and simple. In each paragraph, you will cover about all the information. For example, if you are writing an article on disease, you will cover its symptoms, its spread ratio and its mechanism in paragraphs.

  • Develop the art of writing:

Good article writers contain this art of writing, on which they would write two simple sentences and they would blow up the reader because it would be written so beautifully while covering all the aspects too. You need to be very well-aware about the topic, you are going to write on. 

  • Ending should be very light and specific:

While ending the article is where most people get troubled. Starting an article and writing is much easy then ending it in a good way. Therefore, you need to leave end note on the end of your article in which you cover all of the things that your readers have understood from your article.

After writing your article, you need to read your draft multiple times. Proof reading your article is very important until it is totally perfect. Check for grammatical mistakes and make the article look more interesting by adding substantial information at the end. Writing an effective article is not a hard job, anybody can do it but person needs to be fully prepared for writing it.

Articles, General

Why Phage Therapy is Better than Antibiotics?

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Why Phage Therapy is Better than Antibiotics?

Phage therapy is incredible cure to antibiotic resistance.  Felix d’Herelle was the first scientist to identify the phage therapy that how its emergence can kill specific targeted bacteria and coined the word “bacteriophage” (bacteria-eater) along with Fredrick Twort. They also ran clinical treatment of phage which ended in success. It opens gate for everyone but Tbilisi in Georgia has Eliava institute that solely works in production of versatile phages and deals with different patients from all over the world, it was founded at 1933 but phage therapy was abandoned as antibiotics were discovered after World War 2.  Bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria, composed of DNA and RNA moves around bacterium to bacterium enclosed with protein capsids.

Antimicrobial resistance is causing deaths of millions every year. Not only developing countries but also developed countries have failed to combat AMR. It has been estimated by researchers that by 2050 ten million people will be dead just because of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Clinical trials of phage therapy tends to be noticed and given importance as a cure.

By studies it have been proved that phage therapy holds the potential to effectively control inflammation caused by disease as parallel to attacking bacteria on its target site. There are two kinds of phages one lytic phage known as virulent and another lysogenic phage known as temperate phages. Lytic phages are those which follows lytic pathway and simply destroy the cell by adhering to the bacterial cell and then penetrate nucleic acid releasing new phage component proteins, nucleic acids. Lysogenic pathway is totally different as the temperate viruses do not kill the infected host bacterial cells. Their chromosome becomes integrated into a specific section of host cell chromosome while inserting genome into host DNA, it becomes dormant and while it’s dormant virus replicates but in lytic cycle virus constantly replicates.

Lytic bacteriophage system also called holin-lysin system.  Two group of proteins are required to kill the host cell holins and endolysin. Holins synergize with endolysin and also control the time of bacterial cell lysis and endolysin does the lysis part, death of host cell. Also some lytic bacteriophages use single proteins to block the synthesis of peptidoglycan called amurins.

Alexander flemming warned us 60 years ago about antibiotic resistance and now it’s actually happening and we need to find alternative ways to treat ourselves without the help of antibiotics. Phage therapy is the best cure of this resistance, Phages are found to be approximately 10 power 7 in per ml in liquid and 10 power 9 in sediment, can be found in harsh conditions as deserts and hot springs. .

Phages are considered as natural processes because they are xenobiotics composed of nucleic acids and amino acids entirely unlike antibiotics. Phage developing procedure is cheaper than antibiotics and effective against multi drug resistant pathogenic bacteria. Phages are very target oriented, so firstly it is important to diagnose infection in bacteria contrary with antibiotics where they had a broad range of target and mostly treat undiagnosed bacterial infection.  Most of the threatening diseases does not have ultimate cure, so patients are on antibiotics for lifetime but phage therapy treatment includes reduced dosages because of its self-replicative nature. Furthermore, custom treatments are also available in phage therapies for some hard to treat bacterial diseases. Sometimes the dosages which work in vitro does not work in vivo so potentially strong phages are required to treat the effect in live host than in cell culture.

Due to the presence of antibiotic resistance mutation, it has been proposed that bacteria can also be resistant against phages but phages are host specific and they evolve as bacteria evolves and sometimes even stronger than bacteria so bacterial resistance is not a problem for phages. Phage therapy are hard to patent due to being natural discovery so that is why many pharmaceutical companies shows very confined interest in phages and funding is difficult to gather for this type of research. Phages are licensed to be used in food processing industry to reduce the use of antibiotics and likewise phage Listeria sp., targets the foodborne pathogen is used in dairy industry.

Why Phage Therapy is better than Antibiotics; facts:

Phage therapy have many unique advantage over antibiotics. The most interesting thing in it is that as bacteria evolve resistance, relevant phages also evolve resistance alongside. When bacterium appears, phage already attacks it. Phages penetrate deeper as the infection is unlike like antibiotics, which decrease in concentration.

  • Bacteriophages are very site specific, only attack on targeted site, no secondary infections occur
  • Replicate at the site of infection unlike antibiotics
  • There are no side effects present of phage therapy
  • Selecting new phage is work of two weeks while synthesizing new antibiotic takes a lot of time.
  • Phage therapy costs $2,500 in Georgia

Antibiotics are lethal and we have to reach for better options. In 2016, a woman died because of bacterial infection. People are dying because of bacterial diseases and antibiotics are useless as bacteria have become stronger. It takes approximately 10 years for scientist to make new antibiotic for specific disease and get the FDA approval. Bacteriophage is the solution to all of this chaos; which infect virus and then kills it. Phages are able to kill antibiotic resistant bacteria. Phage makes a lot of holes inside bacteria and destroy, kill it completely